Summary about Vietnam War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 649 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Vietnam War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The civil war between North and South Vietnam was known as the Vietnam War which started on November 1st, 1955 and lasted until April 30th, 1975. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea and South Vietnam was Supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, New Zeeland, and the Philippines which was really just communism against capitalism as well. In the Vietnam War there were many different battles varying from little skirmishes to huge and heavy actioned battles and in this paper we will be exploring the bigger battles and the battle with the most importance to the war in terms of how it affected the outcome of the war. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Summary about Vietnam War" essay for you Create order Battle of Ap Bac The Battle of Ap Bac happened on January 2nd, 1963 in Mekong Delta in paddies north of hamlet Ap Bac. Before this day arrived the Viet Cong spent a little over two day preparing the battleground for the Battle of Ap Bac. Something very crucial they did to prepare for this fight was cut down bamboo and some branches, so they can lay a false roof over themselves. At about 10:30 a.m. the Viet Cong spotted movement 400 meters to their south which were about 100 ARVN puppet soldiers that walked out of the tree line. The ARVN expected to just walk towards the Viet Cong and just scare them into running away with their tails between their legs, like the previous battles in late 1962. Except that in this battle is the US spotter plane could not tell what the strength of the Viet Cong really was, which left the ARVN and the US advisors that were on the ground without any intel on the enemy, so they were going in blind. The Viet Cong knew what the word patience meant, and they let the ARVN soldiers get within 50 meters of them and then opened fire using small arms and autoptic weapons to attack the ARVN. Just when everything seemed to be going right for the Viet Cong the South Vietnamize had eight troop carrier helicopters coming to their aid filled with over 100 men in each plus four tadpole gunships. Again the Viet Cong patience would pay off as they waited for the first carrier to make its descent and as soon as the cabin doors opened on the carrier they fired gunning down some of the troops coming out of the choppers well the ones that got out looked for cover. The gunships that the South Vietnamize had made strafe runs firing into the tree line were the Viet Cong were with their M134 Gatling guns, but they had little to no effect. Then the ARVN artillery started to fire which wasnt aimed properly and it landed were the rest of the troop carrier helicopters were making their landing which was next to the first ship that got gunned down and they made the same mistake because they landed within the range of the Viet Congs range putting five of the carries out of action. During this battle the Viet Cong displayed fire control and conserved ammo for the rest of the day. They survived the enemy artillery, dive bombers and gunships; and even a late in the day cavalry charge by a dozen M-113 APCs with .50 caliber machines guns and one flame thrower (Rooney). The Viet Cong also went and inflicted four times more casualties to the Southern forces killing 80 ARVN and they fought all day against an army four times their size withstanding all the artil lery, machine gun and helicopter fire from the Sothern force and still they were able to win. The Battle of Ap Bac was a big for the Viet Cong because it showed that the southern Vietnamize army had no fighting ability and that they couldnt cope with the strategy or the fighting spirit of the Viet Cong even with their larger force and support from the United Sates.

Dementia And Delirium Effect On A Person Is On The Rise

According to case studies, the rate at which both dementia and delirium can affect a person is on the rise because of the increasing population worldwide (McCrow, Sullivan, Beattie, 2014). Older adults are one of the fastest growing populations in the world. The first baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) turned 65 in the year 2011 (McCrow, 2014). With the increasing population of elders, there is also an increase in incidence of delirium. Up to 36 percent of aged people admitted to healthcare facilities have developed delirium (Schuckit, 2014). It is clear that delirium presents a significant problem for the aged admitted to healthcare facilities. There have been developments and initiatives in healthcare facilities to help†¦show more content†¦The necessity to integrate this knowledge when caring for the older population is desirable because the population above 55 years is among the fastest growing population in America according to the U.S. census (2010). Tolson Booth Schofield (2011) discuss that older people are at a greater risk of developing delirium following an age-related impairment of cerebral metabolism, which causes a significant decrease in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, in particular, acetylcholine. According to Hosie, Lobb, Agar, Davidson, and Phillips (2014), older people are often affected by at least one chronic condition such as dementia. Unlike delirium, dementia is a chronic condition that lasts at least six months and in most cases occurs progressively. Also, the most common form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is associated with a chronic decline in acetylcholine (Redfern Ross, 2006). Therefore, this explains why symptoms of dementia and delirium overlap, especially memory loss in both conditions. The overlapping symptoms, therefore, make differentiation between the two conditions difficult, especially when delirium is superimposed on dementia. It is because of this that identifying delirium is of great significance to the older population. The elderly patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) who have been diagnosed with delirium have unique characteristics (Britton, Russell, 2003). Some of the

Essay about Individualism in History - 1061 Words

In today’s world, individualism is everywhere, accepted by many and encouraged by most people in America. However, in the 18th century colonies, when America was finding its beginnings, this was something that was highly frowned upon. Among many beliefs during the 18th century, one that stood out the most were Puritans who thought that everyone was equal and should do their part to help their community. There were, also, the Deists who believed that everyone was a part of a bigger picture than what was actually seen. Not one of the proclaimed Deists strove to be different from the other, always conforming to what was around him or her. During the 18th century, there were two men who could not be more obviously different than Jonathan†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, soon after Franklin and his son had a major falling out, that greatly dampened their relationship. Edwards’ and Franklin’s use of tone, the reader sees that both men do an excellent j ob in getting their points across, even though they have various ways of showing their thoughts. Franklin and Edward’s beliefs were the root of every other thing they accomplished in their lives. For Franklin, who was a deist, believed that everything could be solved by reason and logic. Franklin was much more into the emerging science that was coming about in the world. Edwards, on the other hand, was a Calvinist. He believed in predestination and the mystical powers of God. Everything Edwards did or saw could all be explained by God’s will. Although both men believed in completely different theories, they both lived by a high moral code. Franklin first listed out his highest virtues in his autobiography and secondly, tried to master every one. Both men tried to better themselves due to their strong beliefs, but they both were trying to accomplish the same things essentially. Both men, also, shared their beliefs of others. Edwards was different in the fact that he felt it necessary to preach his religion to others, such as in his sermon, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†, while Franklin did not. Franklin and Edwards’ convictions were their primary motivations for their work. Both men’s beliefs, also, had a great effect on the earlyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Individualism in American History1470 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican history there have been struggles for individualism. The American Revolution, the American Civil War, and the separation from family life are all examples of individualism in American history. Individualism is an American paradigm designed by the modern societal structure that is an altered idea of the foundation by immigrants. In today’s society the struggle for individualism is more personal and represents how American values have shifted since the beginning of American history. 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Emergence of Modern Communication Language - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Write about theEmergence of Modern Communication Language. Answer: Background: The world turning into global village has created a need for the formation of international language used as source of communication. But hardly people know about the origination of language. Due to Invasion of Anglo, Saxons and Jutes in Britannia, the Latin language at that absorbed many dialects of the invading tribes in (6-11 Century). This marked the origination of Old English. As per Kumaravadivelu (2012), Modern English has adopted many words of the Old English. The invasion of Norse, Scandavian people, was a turning point for English, which was given its grammar and structure formation. While in the 6th century, Christianity granted various load words to the Latin language and in turn granting more words to the English language. French after becoming the prestige language in 1066 after Noman invasion categorized the language into different categories. Kings and noble men spoke French while the middle class and merchants spoke English and French both. The common people spoke on ly English. This was the time English adopted words of French too. With high adaptation level, the Printing Press in 1490 took step for enforcement of standards of Language. They highlighted the need of standards for preserving the language. English Language Experts were deeply concern with the frequent changes in language, Confusion and perplexity for it. Finally, their efforts resulted in forming standards for punctuation, proper usage, spellings and words.(Strang, 2015)He also show that Britain expansion to one third of land through trade, made English more common to other parts of world too in 1780. Further British Colonism, Granted words from second languages also, to the English. Research Question: What standards to use English as an international language? What is the need of standards? How capitalism affected the usage of English all over? How the linguistic imperialism has aided in the dominance of language? Will the English continue to be dominant language in future? what will be the counter languages and their reasons to dominate over English? Literature Review The step of globalization laid great emphasis for usage of English as an international language. The west world in lust of power tried to access the science and technology in1800-1949, which finally created great stress for common language for communication (Wengfeng and Gao,2008). Whereas in 1949, the communist won and restored the worth of their language too. Whereas as suggested by Jin, Cortazzi (2006), the Chinese learned new languages Russian and English to counteract the effects of capitalism. While during the cultural revolution of the world in 1966-1976, world went through great transformation. In 1966-1968, many of the schools were closed and when opened, they became center of politics, without any colour of foreign language. Children were taught slogans like Long live Chairman Mao. Even the effects of politics were incorporated in English dictionaries. Ji in Pucilowski(2005) shed light on the political effects in dictionaries to affect the minds of learners. They were taugh t lessons of hatred by degrading the western capital society, which was losing. They were also taught they cannot live without the president Mao and could not have any happiness to. They were hypnotized with the mesmerizing effects of party and called that they will do everything the party would say them. They were made aware that for these ideas, they needed to invest great amount of energy and sacrifices but they were taught to remain loyal to party in any circumstance. Finally in 1976, Mao died ending the culture reformation and inviting the new leader Deng Xiaoping, who proved to be of immense worth as he made strong ties with US by forming better policies to improve the suffered relations between countries. This once again invited the foreign English teachers come for teaching English and removing the barriers of trade and advancement of technology (Pan, D Block,2011). It was emphasized the enforcement of standards to maintain the quality of English language free from mistakes. However the mingling of cultures, created Chinglish, a substandard version of English. Despite of efforts, few terms like long time no see and lost face were affected by the Chinese usage. China realizing the importance of English for advancement in all the fields of life, ranging from economics till maintain ideology, laid great emphasis on the nationalists to learn English as modern language. They made them realize that this way they will conquer the world and restore their integrity and continue to prosper in economic world as well. No doubt countries realize the importance of English as common language for communication to make the world global village, but every country blended English with their language, which created further many versions, Chinglish, Japanese English, Spanglish, Singlish, Kenyan English, and Thai English etc. English is the most widely spoken language by 480 million people (Mackey, 2015). In 2006-7 about 80% of homepages on the World Wide Web were in some k ind of English (cp. German, 4.5%; Japanese, 3.1%).85% of international organizations use English as their official language; while used as 85% for worlds film market; and 90% of academic texts (Crystal, 1997) This clearly shows the importance of English in todays world. Even Political leaders in non-English speaking countries use English to communicate with international media etc. Theoretical Framework: The Kachru model of 1985 demonstrated the various types of English. The model is divided into inner circle, outer circle and expanding circle. The inner circle represented the usage of English of native people in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US. While the outer circle represents the usage of language as second language in countries like India, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Kenya former colonies. The last circle, expanding circle exhibits countries which may adopt the language in future as they treat the language as foreign language. Though the model represented the clear usage of English as communicational tool in their countries, but they have not adopted the language completely and brought up changes to adapt it completely for the usage. But this proved that countries were not ready to leave neither their native language nor English. Instead they paved a way in between and joined both of the languages. (Kirkpatrick,2006) Methodology : The semiotic analysis of the above model clearly shows that despite of the desire to speak and use their languages, people from all the countries have realized the importance of using English as their language used in for trade and communication.it also depicts the idea that English will always be treated as foreign language despite of its significance. The statistical data also exhibits the usage of English in various countries. More than 400 million people use English as their native language while 700 million people speak English as foreign language. Approximately over 2700 languages, English has retained its preference with the treasure of richest vocabulary . oxford English dictionary contains 500,000 words. Significance: To sum up, English has conquered all the four field of spoken language, official language, language of sources of information and quantity of information disseminated. So it conquers all the prominent fields to restore its power in technology, academics, communication and trade. It is not only altered by its non- native speakers but by native speakers also (Seidlhofer, 2010). But no doubt the power lies with the US and UK speakers because it is their native language. References: Cortazzi, M. and Jin, L. (1999, 2001). Bridges to learning: Metaphors of teaching, learning and language. In L. Cameron and G. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor (pp.149-176). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Teaching Press. Crystal, D. (1997/2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk H.G. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures(pp. 11-36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lass, Robert (ed) (1999) The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol 111: 1476-1776. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. Cortazzi, M. and Jin, L. (1999, 2001). Bridges to learning: Metaphors of teaching, learning and language. In L. Cameron and G. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor (pp.149-176). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Teaching Press. Crystal, D. (1997/2003). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk H.G. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures(pp. 11-36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D., 2012. English as a global language. Cambridge University Press. Jin, L. and Cortazzi, M., 2006. Changing practices in Chinese cultures of learning. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19(1), pp.5-20. Kumaravadivelu, B., 2012. Individual identity, cultural globalization, and teaching English as an international language. Principles and practices for teaching English as an international language, 9. Seidlhofer, B., 2005. English as a lingua franca. ELT journal, 59(4), p.339. Strang, B.M., 2015. A history of English (Vol. 26). Routledge. Wenfeng, W. and Gao, X., 2008. English language education in China: A review of selected research. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 29(5), pp.380-399. Zheng, H.B. and Song, W.J., 2010. Metaphor Analysis in the Educational Discourse: A Critical Review. Online Submission, 8(9), pp.42-49. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

Swot Analysis Audi free essay sample

This high ROE indicates that the company is using the shareholders’ money efficiently and that it is generating high returns for its shareholders compared to its peer companies. Similarly, BMW and Daimler have less ROA when compared to Audi. In FY2010, BMW’s ROA was 2. 9% and Daimler’s ROA was 3. 3%, significantly less than Audi. The ROA of Audi was 8. 4% in FY2010. High ROA indicates that the company has been deploying its assets in an efficient manner and indicates the efficient management of the company towards allocation of resources compared to its peer companies. Weaknesses Concerning product recalls Audi announced recalls that cover some of its most popular models due to manufacturing and design problems. For instance in August 2011, the company recalled 34,000 lemon Audi A4 and Audi A6 vehicles due to defective engine fuel pump. In May 2011, Audi recalled 5,992 units of 2001-2004 Audi A6, 2003 Audi RS6 and 2002-2003 Audi S6 models due to a fuel system flaw. Similarly, in April 2011, the company recalled up to 10,200 Audi TTs from the 2010 model year to fix fuel tank ventilation system’s spring. Significant product recalls indicates decline in product quality which could negatively affect the consumer confidence in Audi’s products and could strain its sales. Lack of scale compared to peers The company lacks the scale to compete with large players in the markets in which it operates. Many of its competitors such as Daimler, Ford and Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) are larger in size. Daimler, for instance, recorded revenues of E97,761 million (approximately $129,777. 7 million) in FY2010, while Ford recorded revenues of $128,954 million during the same period. BMW recorded revenues of E60,477 million (approximately $80,283. 2 million) in FY2010. In contrast, Audi recorded revenues of E35,441 million (approximately $47,047. 9 million) which is much less than its competitors in FY2010. Lack of scale limits Audi’s ability to compete effectively with larger players. Opportunities Positive outlook for hybrid electric vehicles Worldwide demand for light hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is expected to increase. Rising energy costs and increased emissions regulations are likely to increase demand for HEVs. By 2015, the US is expected to be the largest market for HEVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, selling approximately 640,000 vehicles in these two categories combined. China is expected to be the second-largest market with more than 560,000 hybrid vehicles sold that same year. Global problems that include the environmental challenges of global warming and the need to conserve resources and energy are the key drivers for the automotive companies to develop HEVs. Audi has a strong focus on developing HEVs. The company is one of the premium manufacturers of electric vehicles. Audi launched many hybrid vehicles in 2010, which include Audi e-tron Spyder, e-tron Silvretta, and A1 e-tron. It is also into development of a plug-in hybrid, a drive system that combines a combustion engine with an electric motor, whose battery can also be charged through an electrical outlet. In addition, the company is currently working on full-hybrid versions of the Audi Q5 and A8. Audi is also developing other electric concepts for plug-in hybrids, ranging from the fuel cell to the battery-only electric vehicle. Audi is expected launch its Q5 hybrid Quattro and R8 E-tron in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Such strong focus and increasing demand for HEVs would boost demand for Audi’s products. Threats Intense competition The global automotive industry is highly competitive. Audi faces strong competitors, some of which are larger and may have greater resources in a given business area. Some of its key competitors are Bayerische Motoren Werke, Daimler, Fiat, Ford Motor, GM Daewoo Auto Technology, General Motors, Honda Motor, Hyundai Motor, Nissan Motor, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Porsche Automobil Holding, Renault and Toyota Motor. Due to current economic conditions, demand for automobiles has fallen sharply, both in Europe and in other parts of the world. Many manufacturers, including Audi, have relatively high fixed labor costs as well as significant limitations on their ability to close facilities and reduce fixed costs. To offset these high fixed costs, some of the company’s competitors have responded to recent deteriorations in economic conditions and vehicle sales by attempting to sell more vehicles by adding vehicle enhancements, providing subsidized financing or leasing programs. They are also offering option package discounts, other marketing incentives and are reducing vehicle prices in certain markets. These actions may have a significant negative effect on Audi’s vehicle pricing, market share and operating results. It also impacts Audi’s ability to enhance its revenue per vehicle and maintain the company’s market share during difficult economic times. Environment protection regulations The company is subject to a number of environment protection regulations. The EU Regulation decided on a wide range of stricter requirements, primarily impacting diesel technology. In the case of heavy passenger vehicles the rules, as they currently stand, require that an after-treatment system for nitrogen oxide be introduced. The cost difference compared with petrol engines will increase further. In future, petrol and diesel engines will also have to reposition themselves with regard to the obligation to add biofuels to fossil fuels. The existing diesel particulate filter technology does not permit any significant increase in the amount of biofuels added. In addition, the EU Regulation sets targets for carmakers selling passenger cars in the European market (the EU 27). The aim is to reduce average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in European fleets to 130 grams per kilometer (g/km) for all new vehicles by 2015 by means of drive train and other vehicle technology. A further reduction of 10 g/km is to be achieved by flanking measures such as gear-change indicators, low-resistance tires, and the use of biofuels. There are risks involved in the amount of the penalties, which may be up to E95 ($139. ) per g/km, to be imposed if the manufacturer fails to meet the target for its vehicles sold by an average of more than 3 g/km. Similarly, a uniform consumption and CO2 regulation will apply for the model years 2012 to 2016 in the US. Starting with a step-by-step reduction in model year 2012, the new vehicle fleets of all manufacturers are expected to come down to an average value of 250g of CO2 per mile in model year 2016. The Japanese governme nt has also set ambitious targets to reduce consumption, including statutory regulations for 2010 and 2015. The government in China is currently discussing the introduction of fuel consumption requirements (more stringent than current ones) planned to come into force in 2012. These regulations would impose additional costs and obligations on Audi, which may adversely impact its margins. Weak economic outlook for the US and Europe The global economic recession of 2008 has done a significant damage to Europe and the US economies. According to IMF, the output of these two regions is expected remain well below potential. The risk of a double-dip recession in the US has receded, but Europe remains vulnerable and new risks have emerged. The US economy expanded by an above-trend growth of 2. 8% in 2010. In the US, the tentative signs of a stronger and more self-sustaining recovery at end-2010 have since been followed by certain setbacks and new risks. In particular, the surge in oil prices, if sustained, could significantly slow the recovery. In addition, the recent down grade by SP could further increase the borrowing costs of the US, resulting in further slow down. The recent macroeconomic data, state-level regional data, and the increased volatility in the financial markets in the US shows significant downside risks to economic growth over the near term. It is forecasted that the US would have a GDP growth rate of 1. 6% in 2011 and 1. 1% in 2012. Similarly, in Europe, the economy is expected to recover at a rate of 2. 4% and 2. 6% for 2011 and 2012, respectively. Moreover, according to the European Commission, the economic recovery in the European Union is expected to be sluggish due to significant headwinds that are set to restrain domestic demand. In addition the recovery is being challenged by relatively high consumer-price inflation. Though, France and Germany are forecasted to grow at a rate of 1. 6% and 2. 5%, respectively, in 2011, Greece and Portugal are forecasted to stay in recession for the next two years. Audi has a strong presence in the US and Europe. It derives more than 70% of its revenues from these two regions. Such weak economic outlook for the US and Europe could further put pressure on the company’s revenues and growth prospects.

Liberalization privatization globalization free essay sample

Privatization, also spelled privatisation, may have several meanings. Primarily, it is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector (a government) to the private sector, either to a business that operate for a profit or to a non-profit organization. It may also mean government outsourcing of services or functions to private firms, e. g. revenue collection, law enforcement, and prison management. [1] Privatization has also been used to describe two unrelated transactions. The first is the buying of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by a single entity, taking the company private. This is often described as private equity. The second is a demutualization of a mutual organization or cooperative to form a joint stock company. [2] Primary Objectives: The following are the primary objectives which have been defined in the Government’s policy statement on Parastatal Sector Reform: Improve the operational efficiency of enterprises that are currently in the Parastatal sector, and their contribution to the national economy; Reduce the burden of Parastatal enterprises on the Government budget; Expand the role of the private sector in the economy, permitting the Government to concentrate public resources on its role as provider of basic public services, including health, education and social infrastructure; and Encourage wider participation by the people in the ownership and management of business. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberalization privatization globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondary Objectives: In so far as their pursuit is consistent with the primary objectives, the CHC intends to ensure that divestiture meets the following secondary objectives: to create a more market-oriented economy; to secure enhanced assess to foreign markets, to capital and to technology; to promote the development of the capital market; and to preserve the goal of self-reliance. There are four main methods[citation needed] of privatization: 1. Share issue privatization (SIP) selling shares on the stock market 2. Asset sale privatization selling an entire organization (or part of it) to a strategic investor, usually by auction or by using the Treuhand model 3. Voucher privatization distributing shares of ownership to all citizens, usually for free or at a very low price. 4. Privatization from below Start-up of new private businesses in formerly socialist countries. Choice of sale method is influenced by the capital market, political, and firm-specific factors. SIPs are more likely to be used when capital markets are less developed and there is lower income inequality. Share issues can broaden and deepen domestic capital markets, boosting liquidity and (potentially) economic growth, but if the capital markets are insufficiently developed it may be difficult to find enough buyers, and transaction costs (e. g. underpricing required) may be higher. For this reason, many governments elect for listings in the more developed and liquid markets, for example Euronext, and the London, New York and Hong Kong stock exchanges. Secured borrowing Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as a form of a secured loan[3][4] and are criticized as a particularly noxious form of governmental debt. [3] In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the principal amount of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments – the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as a sale. [3] This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from Chicago parking meters for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by politicians desires to borrow money surreptitiously,[3] due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt. History The history of privatization dates from Ancient Greece, when governments contracted out almost everything to the private sector. [7] In the Roman Republic private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection (tax farming), army supplies (military contractors), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the Roman Empire also created state-owned enterprises—for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. Some scholars suggest that the cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire. [7] Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during Chinas golden age of the Han dynasty. Taoism came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the laissez-faire principle of Wu wei ( ), literally meaning do nothing. [8] The rulers were counseled by the Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible. During the Renaissance, most of Europe was still by and large following the feudal economic model. By contrast, the Ming dynasty in China began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier Song dynasty policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control. [9] In Britain, the privatization of common lands is referred to as enclosure (in Scotland as the Lowland Clearances and the Highland Clearances). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, coincident with the industrial revolution in that country. Potential Benefits of Privatisation 1. Improved Efficiency. The main argument for privatisation is that private companies have a profit incentive to cut costs and be more efficient. If you work for a government run industry, managers do not usually share in any profits. However, a private firm is interested in making profit and so it is more likely to cut costs and be efficient. Since privatisation, companies such as BT, and British Airways have shown degrees of improved efficiency and higher profitability. 2. Lack of Political Interference. It is argued governments make poor economic managers. They are motivated by political pressures rather than sound economic and business sense. For example a state enterprise may employ surplus workers which is inefficient. The government may be reluctant to get rid of the workers because of the negative publicity involved in job losses. Therefore, state owned enterprises often employ too many workers increasing inefficiency. 3. Short Term view. A government many think only in terms of next election. Therefore, they may be unwilling to invest in infrastructure improvements which will benefit the firm in the long term because they are more concerned about projects that give a benefit before the election. 4. Shareholders It is argued that a private firm has pressure from shareholders to perform efficiently. If the firm is inefficient then the firm could be subject to a takeover. A state owned firm doesn’t have this pressure and so it is easier for them to be inefficient. 5. Increased Competition. Often privatisation of state owned monopolies occurs alongside deregulation – i. e. policies to allow more firms to enter the industry and increase the competitiveness of the market. It is this increase in competition that can be the greatest spur to improvements in efficiency. For example, there is now more competition in telecoms and distribution of gas and electricity. However, privatisation doesn’t necessarily increase competition, it depends on the nature of the market. E. g. there is no competition in tap water. There is very little competition within the rail industry. 6. Government will raise revenue from the sale Selling state owned assets to the private sector raised significant sums for the UK government in the 1980s. However, this is a one off benefit. It also means we lose out on future dividends from the profits of public companies. Disadvantages of Privatisation 1. Natural Monopoly A natural monopoly occurs when the most efficient number of firms in an industry is one. For example tap water has very significant fixed costs, therefore there is no scope for having competition amongst several firms. Therefore, in this case, privatisation would just create a private monopoly which might seek to set higher prices which exploit consumers. Therefore it is better to have a public monopoly rather than a private monopoly which can exploit the consumer. 2. Public Interest There are many industries which perform an important public service, e. g health care, education and public transport. In these industries, the profit motive shouldn’t be the primary objective of firms and the industry. For example, in the case of health care, it is feared privatising health care would mean a greater priority is given to profit rather than patient care. Also, in an industry like health care, arguably we don’t need a profit motive to improve standards. When doctors treat patients they are unlikely to try harder if they get a bonus. 3. Government loses out on potential dividends. Many of the privatised companies in the UK are quite profitable. This means the government misses out on their dividends, instead going to wealthy shareholders. 4. Problem of regulating private monopolies. Privatisation creates private monopolies, such as the water companies and rail companies. These need regulating to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Therefore, there is still need for government regulation, similar to under state ownership. 5. Fragmentation of industries. In the UK, rail privatisation led to breaking up the rail network into infrastructure and train operating companies. This led to areas where it was unclear who had responsibility. For example, the Hatfield rail crash was blamed on no one taking responsibility for safety. Different rail companies has increased the complexity of rail tickets. 6. Short-Termism of Firms. As well as the government being motivated by short term pressures, this is something private firms may do as well. To please shareholders they may seek to increase short term profits and avoid investing in long term projects. For example, the UK is suffering from a lack of investment in new energy sources; the privatised companies are trying to make use of existing plants rather than invest in new ones. Evaluation of Privatisation It depends on the industry in question. An industry like telecoms is a typical industry where the incentive of profit can help increase efficiency. However, if you apply it to industries like health care or public transport the profit motive is less important. It depends on the quality of regulation. Do regulators make the privatised firms meet certain standards of service and keep prices low. Is the market contestable and competitive? Creating a private monopoly may harm consumer interests, but if the market is highly competitive, there is greater scope for efficiency savings. Liberalization In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. In some contexts this process or concept is often, but not always, referred to as deregulation. [1] Liberalization of autocratic regimes may precede democratization (or not, as in the case of the Prague Spring). In the arena of social policy it may refer to a relaxation of laws restricting for example divorce, abortion, or drugs and to the elimination of laws prohibiting same-sex sexual relations or same-sex marriage. Most often, the term is used to refer to economic liberalization, especially trade liberalization or capital market liberalization. Although economic liberalization is often associated with privatization, the two can be quite separate processes. For example, the European Union has liberalized gas and electricity markets, instituting a system of competition; but some of the leading European energy companies (such as EDF and Vattenfall) remain partially or completely in government ownership. Liberalized and privatized public services may be dominated by just a few big companies particularly in sectors with high capital costs, or high such as water, gas and electricity. In some cases they may remain legal monopoly at least for some part of the market (e. g. small consumers). Liberalization is one of three focal points (the others being privatization and stabilization) of the Washington Consensuss trinity strategy for economies in transition. An example of Liberalization is the Washington Consensus which was a set of policies created and used by Argentina There is also a concept of hybrid liberalisation as, for instance, in Ghana where cocoa crop can be sold to a variety of competing private companies, but there is a minimum price for which it can be sold and all exports are controlled by the state. [2] Economic liberalisation in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The economic liberalisation in India refers to ongoing economic reforms in India that started on 24 July 1991. After Independence in 1947, India adhered to socialist policies. Attempts were made to liberalize economy in 1966 and 1985. The first attempt was reversed in 1967. Thereafter, a stronger version of socialism was adopted. Second major attempt was in 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The process came to a halt in 1987, though 1966 style reversal did not take place. [1] In 1991, after India faced a balance of payments crisis, it had to pledge 20 tons of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tons to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In addition, the IMF required India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. [2] As a result of this requirement, the government of P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh (currently the Prime Minister of India) started breakthrough reforms, although they did not implement many of the reforms the IMF wanted. [3][4] The new neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms, and inflation-controlling measures. The overall direction of liberalisation has since remained the same, irrespective of the ruling party, although no party has yet tried to take on powerful lobbies such as the trade unions and farmers, or contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies. [5] Thus, unlike the reforms of 1966 and 1985 that were carried out by the majority Congress governments, the reforms of 1991 carried out by a minority government proved sustainable. There exists a lively debate in India as to what made the economic reforms sustainable? [6] The fruits of liberalisation reached their peak in 2007, when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9%. [7] With this, India became the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China. [8] The growth rate has slowed significantly in the first half of 2012. [9] An Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report states that the average growth rate 7. 5% will double the average income in a decade, and more reforms would speed up the pace. [10] Indian government coalitions have been advised to continue liberalisation. India grows at slower pace than China, which has been liberalising its economy since 1978. [11] The McKinsey Quarterly states that removing main obstacles would free India’s economy to grow as fast as China’s, at 10 percent a year. [12] There has been significant debate, however, around liberalization as an inclusive economic growth strategy. Since 1992, income inequality has deepened in India with consumption among the poorest staying stable while the wealthiest generate consumption growth. [13] For 2010, India was ranked 124th among 179 countries in Index of Economic Freedom World Rankings, which is an improvement from the preceding year.

The Importance of the Sample Rhetorical Analysis Essay by St Louis Community College

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